Manufacture of optical elements by replication and corresponding replication tools and optical devices

An optical device comprising

• a substrate having a first substrate surface;
• an optical structure present on the first substrate surface;
• wherein the optical structure comprises an optical element and a surrounding portion laterally surrounding the optical element,
• wherein the surrounding portion comprises a concave meniscus portion and, between the optical element and the meniscus portion, an intermediate portion, wherein an edge line is present where the meniscus portion and the intermediate portion are adjoining,
• wherein, in a first azimuthal range, the intermediate portion provides a first pull-up surface facing a vertically aligned central axis of the optical element such that along the first pull-up surface, a height increases in transition from the intermediate portion to the meniscus portion, and wherein a steepness of the first pull-up surface decreases with increasing distance from the central axis, and the first pull-up surface is continuously differentiable, and
• wherein in a second azimuthal range,
• (I) the intermediate portion provides a second pull-up surface facing said central axis of the optical element such that along the second pull-up surface, a height increases in transition from the intermediate portion to the meniscus portion, wherein the second pull-up surface is more steeply aligned with respect to the central axis than is the first pull-up surface, and wherein the second pull-up surface has a constant steepness;
• and
• (II) the intermediate portion provides a retaining surface, which, in any cross-section containing the central axis in the second azimuthal range, is aligned essentially parallel to the first substrate surface and has an end at which it is limited by said edge line;
• wherein in the first and second azimuthal ranges, the meniscus portion is concave shaped,
• wherein lateral directions are defined as directions parallel to the first substrate surface, and a vertical direction is defined as a line extending from the first substrate surface and vertically away from the first substrate surface, and wherein an azimuthal range is defined as an angular range in a lateral plane about the central axis, and
• wherein the retaining surface in which the surrounding portion is aligned parallel to the first substrate surface completely laterally surrounds the optical element.