# US 10,375,508 B2 · Audio speakers having upward firing drivers for reflected sound rendering > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,375,508 B2 - Document ID: US10375508B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/315,720 - Filed: 2015-06-02 - Published: 2017-05-04 - Granted: 2019-08-06 - Earliest claimed: 2014-06-03 - Assignees: Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation - Applicants: Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation - Inventors: Brett G. Crockett; Alan J. Seefeldt; C. Phillip Brown - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10375508B2 ## CPC - H04S 7/305: {Electronic adaptation of stereophonic audio signals to reverberation of the listening space (H04S7/301 takes precedence)} - H04R 1/26: Spatial arrangements of separate transducers responsive to two or more frequency ranges - H04R 1/288: {for loudspeaker transducers} - H04R 3/12: for distributing signals to two or more loudspeakers {(specially adapted for hearing aids H04R25/407)} - H04R 3/14: Cross-over networks - H04R 5/02: Spatial or constructional arrangements of loudspeakers - H04R 5/04: Circuit arrangements, {e.g. for selective connection of amplifier inputs/outputs to loudspeakers, for loudspeaker detection, or for adaptation of settings to personal preferences or hearing impairments (combinations of amplifiers H03F3/68; stereophonic systems H04S)} - H04S 7/00: Indicating arrangements; Control arrangements, e.g. balance control - H04S 7/30: {Control circuits for electronic adaptation of the sound field} - H04S 7/308: {Electronic adaptation dependent on speaker or headphone connection} - H04S 2400/01: Multi-channel, i.e. more than two input channels, sound reproduction with two speakers wherein the multi-channel information is substantially preserved - H04S 2400/11: Positioning of individual sound objects, e.g. moving airplane, within a sound field (H04S2420/13 takes precedence) - H04S 2420/03: Application of parametric coding in stereophonic audio systems - H04S: STEREOPHONIC SYSTEMS - H04R: LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS (producing sounds with frequency not determined by supply frequency G10K) ## Abstract Embodiments are directed to upward-firing speakers that reflect sound off a ceiling to a listening location at a distance from a speaker. The reflected sound provides height cues to reproduce audio objects that have overhead audio components. A virtual height filter based on a directional hearing model is applied to the upward-firing driver signal to improve the perception of height for audio signals transmitted by the virtual height speaker to provide optimum reproduction of the overhead reflected sound. The upward firing driver is tilted at an inclination angle of approximately 20 degrees to the horizontal axis of the speaker and separate height and direct terminal connections are provided to interface to an adaptive audio rendering system. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A speaker for transmitting sound waves to be reflected off an upper surface of a listening environment, comprising: a cabinet; a direct-firing driver within the cabinet and oriented to transmit sound along a horizontal axis perpendicular to a front surface of the cabinet; an upward-firing driver and oriented at an inclination angle of between 18 degrees to 22 degrees relative to the horizontal axis; a crossover circuit having a low-pass section configured to transmit low frequency signals below a threshold frequency to the direct-firing driver, and a high-pass section configured to transmit high frequency signals above the threshold frequency to the upward-firing driver; and a terminal panel affixed to the outside of a rear surface of the cabinet and having separate input connections to the direct-firing driver and the upward firing driver, wherein the terminal panel has a first set of input terminal binding connectors to connect an audio system to the direct-firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface, and a second set of input terminal binding connectors to connect the audio system to the upward firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 wherein the upward-firing driver is inset within a top surface of the cabinet and configured to reflect sound off a reflection point on a ceiling of the listening environment, and wherein a corresponding angle for direct response from the upward-firing driver is between 60 and 80 degrees from the horizontal axis. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The speaker of claim 2 further comprising sound absorbing foam placed in a recessed area of the top surface of the cabinet and disposed around the upward-firing driver to reduce effects of standing waves and diffraction and help smooth a frequency response of the upward-firing driver. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1, wherein the inclination angle of the upward-firing driver can be changed to adjusted through automatic means using the positional data. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 wherein the high-pass section of the crossover has a virtual height filter receiving positional information of the speaker in the listening environment and applying a frequency response curve to the high frequency signals, wherein the frequency response curve is selected in response to the positional information from among a plurality of frequency response curves corresponding to different virtual height filter response parameters. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 wherein a polarity of the first set of input terminal binding connectors is equal to that of the second set of input terminal binding connectors. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1, further comprising a bypass switch coupled to the high-pass section to cut out the virtual height filter from the high-pass filter. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The speaker of claim 7 wherein at a distance of one meter along the horizontal axis between 0 dB to 3 dB compression between 100 Hz and 15 kHz. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1, wherein the virtual height filter compensates for height cues present in sound waves transmitted directly through the listening environment. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The speaker of claim 9 wherein the low-frequency response characteristics of the upward-firing driver follows that of a second order high-pass filter with a target cut-off frequency of 180 Hz. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The speaker claim 9 wherein the direct response transfer function is measured along the horizontal axis using a sinusoidal log sweep function, and wherein a ratio of a 70 degree angle response to the direct response is at least 5 dB at 5 kHz and at least 10 dB at 10 kHz. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 wherein the cabinet is made of medium density fiberboard (MDF) of a thickness of 0.75 inches. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 wherein the upward-firing driver and direct-firing driver are enclosed within the housing as an integrated virtual height speaker system, and wherein a mean of the linear pressure level in one-third octave bands from 1 to 5 kHz produced at a distance of one meter along the horizontal axis on a reference axis defined by sound projection from the upward-firing driver. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The speaker of claim 1 further comprising an upward-firing driver cabinet enclosing the upward firing driver placed on an upper surface of a direct-firing driver cabinet enclosing the direct-firing driver. ### Claim 15 A speaker system for reflecting sound waves off a room ceiling to a listening position in the room, comprising: a cabinet; a direct-firing driver within the cabinet and oriented to transmit sound along a horizontal axis perpendicular to a front surface of the cabinet; an upward-firing driver inset in a recess within a top surface of the cabinet and configured to reflect sound off a reflection point on the ceiling, and wherein a corresponding angle for direct response from the upward-firing driver is between 60 and 80 degrees from the horizontal axis; a crossover circuit having a low-pass section configured to transmit low frequency signals below a threshold frequency to the direct-firing driver, and a high-pass section configured to transmit high frequency signals above the threshold frequency to the upward-firing driver; and a terminal panel affixed to the outside of a rear surface of the cabinet and having separate input connections to the direct-firing driver and the upward firing driver, wherein the terminal panel has a first set of input terminal binding connectors to connect an audio system to the direct-firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface, and a second set of input terminal binding connectors to connect the audio system to the upward firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The speaker system of claim 15 wherein the upward-firing driver is oriented at an inclination angle of between 18 degrees to 22 degrees relative to the horizontal axis. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The speaker system of claim 16 wherein the high-pass section of the crossover has a virtual height filter receiving positional information of the speaker in the listening environment and applying a frequency response curve to the high frequency signals, wherein the frequency response curve is selected in response to the positional information from among a plurality of frequency response curves corresponding to different virtual height filter response parameters. ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) The speaker system of claim 15, wherein the upward-firing driver is enclosed in a first speaker cabinet and the front-firing driver is enclosed in a second speaker cabinet. ### Claim 19 (depends on 15) The speaker system of claim 15 wherein the upward-firing driver and the front-firing driver are enclosed in a unitary speaker cabinet. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The speaker system of claim 18 further comprising sound absorbing foam placed in a recessed area of the top surface of the cabinet and disposed around the upward-firing driver to reduce effects of standing waves and diffraction and help smooth a frequency response of the upward-firing driver. ### Claim 21 (depends on 15) The speaker system of claim 15 wherein the upward firing speaker has a rated impedance of 6 ohms or greater, and a minimum impedance of at least 4.8 ohms. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The speaker system of claim 21 wherein at a distance of one meter along the horizontal axis and at a rated power handling level of the upward-firing driver, there is between 0 dB to 3 dB compression between 100 Hz and 15 kHz. ### Claim 23 (depends on 22) The speaker system of claim 22 wherein the low-frequency response characteristics of the upward-firing driver follows that of a second order high-pass filter with a target cut-off frequency of 180 Hz and a quality factor of 0.707. ### Claim 24 (depends on 23) The speaker system of claim 23 wherein the direct response transfer function is measured at a distance of one meter along the horizontal axis at an angle of 70 degrees relative to the horizontal axis using a sinusoidal log sweep method, and wherein a ratio of a 70 degree angle response to the direct response is at least 5 dB at 5 kHz and at least 10 dB at 10 kHz. ### Claim 25 (depends on 15) The speaker system of claim 15 wherein a tilt angle of the upward-firing driver can be changed to adjusted through automatic means to move the reflection point using the positional data. ### Claim 26 A method for generating an audio scene from a speaker in a room, the method comprising: receiving first and second audio signals; routing the first audio signal comprising low frequency signals below a threshold frequency to a direct-firing driver of the speaker; routing the second audio signal comprising high frequency signals above the threshold frequency to an upward-firing driver of the speaker; wherein the first and second audio signals are physically discrete signals representing direct and diffused audio content, respectively; and separating the first audio signal from the second audio signal in a crossover circuit having a low-pass section configured to route the low frequency signals to the direct-firing driver, and a high-pass section configured to transmit the high frequency signals above the threshold frequency to the upward-firing driver, wherein the first and second audio signals are routed through a terminal panel affixed to the outside of a rear surface of a unitary cabinet housing the direct-firing driver and upward-firing driver, and having separate input connections to the direct-firing driver and the upward firing driver, wherein the terminal panel has a first set of input terminal binding connectors to connect an audio system to the direct-firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface, and a second set of input terminal binding connectors to connect the audio system to the upward firing driver and labeled as such on the rear surface. ### Claim 27 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26 wherein the diffused audio content comprises object-based audio having height cues representing sound emanating from an apparent source located above a listener in a room encompassing the speaker. ### Claim 28 (depends on 27) The method of claim 27 wherein the upward-firing driver is oriented at an inclination angle of between 18 degrees to 22 degrees relative to a horizontal axis defined by the direct-firing driver, and wherein the inclination angle of the upward-firing driver can be changed to adjusted through automatic means to move the reflection point using the positional data. ### Claim 29 (depends on 27) The method of claim 27 further comprising orienting the upward-firing driver at a defined tilt angle relative to a horizontal angle defined by the front-firing driver in order to transmit sound upward to a reflection point on a ceiling of the room so that it reflects down to a listening area at a distance from the speaker in the room. ### Claim 30 (depends on 27) The method of claim 27 wherein the defined tilt angle is between 18 degrees and 22 degrees. ### Claim 31 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26, wherein the high-pass section has a virtual height filter receiving positional information of the speaker and applying a frequency response curve to the high frequency signals, wherein the frequency response curve is selected in response to the positional information from among a plurality of frequency response curves corresponding to different virtual height filter response parameters, wherein the selected frequency response curve compensates for height cues present in sound waves transmitted directly through the room by at least partially removing directional cues from the speaker location and at least partially inserting directional cues from the reflection point. ### Claim 32 (depends on 26) The method of claim 26 wherein a polarity of the first set of connectors is equal to the polarity of the second set of connectors.