# US 10,374,752 B2 · Methods and systems for data transmission

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- Number: US 10,374,752 B2
- Document ID: US10374752B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 15/693,294
- Filed: 2017-08-31
- Published: 2019-02-28
- Granted: 2019-08-06
- Earliest claimed: 2017-08-31
- Assignees: Inphi Corporation
- Applicants: Inphi Corporation
- Inventors: Benjamin Smith; Jamal Riani; Arash Farhoodfar; Sudeep Bhoja
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10374752B2

## CPC

- H04L 1/0057: {Block codes (H04L1/0061, H04L1/0064 take precedence)}
- H03M 13/19: Single error correction without using particular properties of the cyclic codes, e.g. Hamming codes, extended or generalised Hamming codes
- H03M 13/251: {with block coding}
- H03M 13/2906: {using block codes (H03M13/2957 takes precedence)}
- H04L 1/0041: {Arrangements at the transmitter end}
- H04L 1/0059: {Convolutional codes}
- H04L 1/0064: {Concatenated codes}
- H04L 1/0071: {Use of interleaving (interleaving per se H03M13/27)}
- H04L 1/0058: {Block-coded modulation}
- H04L 1/0643: {block codes}
- H04L 27/2627: {Modulators}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C)

## Abstract

The present invention relates to data communication systems and methods thereof. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide a data transmission method. Data are encoded with staircase encoder, and staircase coded blocks are first interleaved then combined into outer code frames. Code frames additionally include sync words and padding bits. A second interleaving is applied to the bits of the code frames, and Hamming encoding is performed on the output of the second interleaver. Hamming codewords are Gray-mapped to dual-polarized quadrature-amplitude-modulation (DP-QAM) symbols, and a third interleaving of the symbols from a set of successive Hamming codewords is performed. Pilot symbols are inserted periodically into the stream of DP-QAM symbols. There are other embodiments as well.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for data transmission by a transmission apparatus, the method comprising:
receiving a data stream;
performing staircase forward error correction (FEC) to encode the data stream and generate a plurality of staircase coded blocks;
generating outer code frames, each of the outer code frames comprising a coded section and an uncoded section;
interleaving the staircase coded blocks into coded sections of the outer code frames, burst errors being associated with staircase coded blocks being spread during the interleaving, each of the coded sections comprising a plurality of staircase blocks;
interleaving the outer code frames to interleaved units with a predetermined size;
performing Hamming encoding to generate Hamming codewords, the Hamming codewords being spaced by the interleaved units to form concatenated data;
mapping the concatenated data to quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) data symbols;
interleaving mapped Hamming codewords in a round-robin order into the QAM data symbols;
inserting pilot symbols into the QAM data symbols; and
transmitting data associated with the QAM data symbols to a receiver.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein each of the Hamming codewords is mapped to 16 DP-QAM16 symbols.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 further comprising inserting sync words into coded sections of the outer code frames.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 further comprising inserting padding bits into the uncoded sections of the outer code frames.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the staircase coded blocks are interleaved using an error de-correlator.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 further comprising interleaving Hamming codewords with a convolutional interleaver.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the pilot symbols are distributed according to polarization.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 further wherein the predetermined size is 119 bits or 120 bits.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the QAM data symbols comprise dual-polarized (DP)-QAM16 symbols.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the code sections comprise payload data and parities.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the pilot symbols are synchronized with Hamming codewords.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the staircase FEC comprises a hard-decision FEC.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein the staircase coded blocks are interleaved using a time varying permutation technique.

### Claim 14

A transmitting apparatus comprising:
a staircase (SC) encoder for processing a data stream and generating SC coded blocks;
a framing circuit for generating code frames, each of the code frames comprising a coded section and an uncoded section;
a first interleaving circuit for distributing SC coded blocks into the coded sections of the code frames, errors associated with staircase coded blocks being spread during the distributing;
a second interleaving circuit for spreading code frames into interleaved units;
a Hamming encoder for generating Hamming codewords and inserting the Hamming codewords into interleaved units to form concatenated data;
a mapping circuit for mapping the concatenated data into QAM symbols, the Hamming codewords being mapped into Hamming QAM symbols;
a third interleaving circuit for distributing the Hamming QAM symbols;
a pilot symbol circuit for generating pilot symbols and inserting pilot symbols into the QAM symbols, the pilot symbols being synchronized with Hamming QAM symbols; and
a transmitter for sending data associated with the pilot symbols to a receiver.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the framing circuit is configured to insert padding bits into the uncoded sections of the code frames.

### Claim 16 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the SC encoder comprises a hard-decision encoder.

### Claim 17 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the first interleaving circuit comprises an error decorrelator.

### Claim 18 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the second interleaving circuit comprises a convolutional interleaver.

### Claim 19 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the first interleaving circuit is configured to compute time varying permutation.

### Claim 20 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the third interleaving circuit is configured to distribute the Hamming QAM symbols in a round-robin order.

### Claim 21 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the mapping circuit is configured to perform Gray mapping.

### Claim 22 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the SC encoder is compatible with ITU G.709 protocol.

### Claim 23 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the Hamming encoder performs Hamming (128, 119) encoding or Hamming (128, 120) encoding.

### Claim 24 (depends on 14)

The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising an optical module for transmitting the QAM data symbols over optical channels.

### Claim 25

A transmitting apparatus comprising:
a communication interface for receiving a data stream;
an alignment circuit for aligning the data stream;
a Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder for removing RS code from the data stream;
a staircase (SC) encoder for processing data stream and generating SC coded blocks;
a framing circuit for generating code frames, each of the code frames comprising a coded section and an uncoded section;
a first interleaving circuit for distributing SC coded blocks into the coded sections of the code frames, burst errors associated with staircase coded blocks being spread during the distributing SC coded blocks;
a second interleaving circuit for spreading code frames into interleaved units, positions of correlated errors being randomized by the second interleaving circuit during spreading code frames;
a Hamming encoder for generating Hamming codewords and inserting the Hamming codewords into interleaved units to form concatenated data;
a mapping circuit for mapping the concatenated data into QAM symbols;
a third interleaving circuit for distributing the Hamming codewords into the QAM symbols;
a transmitter for sending data associated with QAM symbols to a receiver.

### Claim 26 (depends on 25)

The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the RS decoder is compatible with IEEE 802.3bs standard.

### Claim 27 (depends on 25)

The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the RS decoder is configured to remove RS parity data.