# US 10,374,409 B2 · Method of detecting arc events in a power system, and a power system including an arc detector > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,374,409 B2 - Document ID: US10374409B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/397,389 - Filed: 2017-01-03 - Published: 2018-04-26 - Granted: 2019-08-06 - Earliest claimed: 2016-10-21 - Assignees: Analog Devices Global - Applicants: Analog Devices Global - Inventors: Martin Murnane - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10374409B2 ## CPC - H02H 1/0015: {Using arc detectors} - H02S 10/00: PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power - H02S 40/32: comprising DC/AC inverter means associated with the PV module itself, e.g. AC modules - H02S 50/00: Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification - H02S 50/10: Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells (testing of semiconductor devices during manufacturing {H10P74/00}) - Y02E 10/56: Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers - H02H: EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS (indicating or signalling undesired working conditions G01R, e.g. G01R31/00, G08B; locating faults along lines G01R31/08; emergency protective devices H01H) - H02S: GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES (obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources G21H1/12; light sensitive inorganic semiconductor devices H10F; light sensitive organic semiconductor devices H10K30/00; thermoelectric devices H10N10/00; pyroelectric devices H10N15/00) - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION ## Abstract Power systems having a DC content, such as photovoltaic (solar) panels present a problem if an arc fault appears because of a small break in a cable. The present disclosure describes an arc fault detection system that captures data in segments, examines the frequency spectrum to remove ‘false arc’ signatures and interference from a power converter of the power system, and then examines the cleaned frequency spectrum for arc events. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of using a data processor for detecting arc events in a photovoltaic system having a switched mode converter therein, the method comprising: analysing a current flow in the system to form a frequency domain representation based upon the current flow; identifying one or more relatively narrow spurs in the frequency domain representation, wherein the one or more relatively narrow spurs include one or more inverter switching spurs respectively having a frequency width of less than 400 Hz; modifying the frequency domain representation including applying one or more notch filters respectively centered over the respective one or more inverter switching spurs so as to remove influence of the one or more inverter switching spurs; processing resulting sample values over a window within the frequency domain representation in which the influence of the one or more inverter switching spurs has been removed, and determining existence of an arc if the result of the processing falls in a range of values indicative of the existence of the arc, the range of values indicative of the existence of the arc being determined using the frequency range representation excluding the one or more relatively narrow spurs or after the removing of the influence of the one or more inverter switching spurs; and generating an adjustment to at least one of one or more switches in the photovoltaic system or one or more devices coupled to the photovoltaic system to inhibit the current flow based on determining the existence of the arc. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the current flow through a conductor is sampled in the time domain to form one or more sample sets. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the current flow is sampled by an inductively coupled current sampling device so as to remove a DC component. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of analysing the current flow includes performing a time domain to frequency domain conversion. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of identifying one or more relatively narrow spurs in the frequency domain representation of the current flow includes looking for switching spurs by identifying one or more peaks whose width exceeds a switching spur identification threshold. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of identifying one or more relatively narrow spurs in the frequency domain representation of the current flow includes receiving switch frequency data representative of at least one transistor switch within the switched mode converter and using the switch frequency data to mask or remove additional data from a plurality of regions in the frequency domain representation which are centered around a plurality of interference frequencies which are at a corresponding plurality of predetermined multiples of at least one switch frequency. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of identifying one or more relatively narrow spurs comprises identifying one or more frequency components of a width which is less than 10% of the width of a switching spur. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) A method as claimed in claim 7, in which the step of modifying the frequency domain representation involves one or more of: a) fitting a curve to the spur to estimate noise power at various frequencies as a result of the one or more relatively narrow spurs, and subtracting corresponding values from corresponding estimates of noise power in the frequency domain analysis; b) masking the frequencies covered by the one or more relatively narrow spurs from being used in further analysis steps; c) overwriting data in a region of the one or more relatively narrow spurs with a value or processing the data to reduce its value. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of processing the sample values comprises forming a sum or an average of sample values over a window within the frequency domain. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of processing the sample values further includes the step of applying a compensation based on an estimate of an average noise power within the window or setting a threshold based upon knowledge of the average noise power. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein processing resulting sample values over a window within the frequency domain representation, and determining the existence of the arc if the result of the processing falls in the range of values indicative of the existence of the arc comprises comparing a power distribution average with a threshold value to indicate the presence or absence of the arc event. ### Claim 12 A method of using a data processor for detecting arc events in a power system, the method comprising: performing a frequency domain analysis to identify system operation components in a frequency range under investigation; analysing a frequency distribution across the frequency range under investigation where the frequency distribution is modified so as to remove influence of one or more relatively narrow spurs including one or more inverter switching spurs having a frequency width of less than 400 Hz by applying one or more notch filters respectively centered over the respective one or more inverter switching spurs; comparing an attribute of the frequency distribution with a threshold value to indicate presence or absence of an arc event; and generating an adjustment to at least one of one or more switches in the power system or one or more devices coupled to the power system to inhibit current flow based on the indication of the presence or absence of the arc event. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12 further comprising analysing a current flow in the power system to form a frequency domain representation based upon the current flow, wherein the frequency domain analysis is performed based on the frequency domain representation. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13 wherein identifying system operation components comprises identifying the one or more relatively narrow spurs in the frequency domain representation. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13 further comprising processing resulting sample values over a window within the frequency domain representation in which the influence of the one or more relatively narrow spurs has been removed, and determining existence of an arc if the result of the processing falls in a range of values indicative of the existence of the arc. ### Claim 16 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12 further comprising receiving switch frequency data representative of at least one transistor switch within the power system and using the switch frequency data to mask or remove additional data from a plurality of regions in the frequency distribution which are centered around a plurality of interference frequencies which are at a corresponding plurality of predetermined multiples of at least one switch frequency. ### Claim 17 An arc detector for a power distribution system, the arc detector including a data processor arranged to perform arc detection by: analysing a current flow in the power distribution system to form frequency domain representation based upon the current flow; identifying one or more system operation components iii the frequency domain representation; modifying the frequency domain representation so as to remove influence of the system operation components including one or more inverter switching spurs respectively having a frequency width of less than 400 Hz; processing resulting sample values over a window within the frequency domain representation in which the influence of the system operation components including the one or more inverter switching spurs has been removed by applying one or more notch filters respectively centered over the respective one or more inverter switching spurs, and determining existence of an arc if the result of the processing falls in a range of values indicative of the existence of the arc, the range of values indicative of the existence of the arc being determined using the frequency range representation in which the influence of the system operation components including the one or more inverter switching spurs has been removed; and generating an adjustment to at least one of one or more switches in the power distribution system or one or more devices coupled to the power distribution system to inhibit the current flow based on determining the existence of the arc. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The arc detector of claim 17, wherein the arc detector is coupled to the power distribution system. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The arc detector of claim 18, wherein the power distribution system comprises a plurality of photovoltaic panels and a switched mode power converter for transforming an output from at least one of the photovoltaic panels to either a regulated DC voltage, a link voltage, or a regulated AC voltage. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The arc detector of claim 18, wherein the power distribution system further comprises one or more of a current transformer, a Rogowski coil, a hall effect sensor, or a magneto-resistive element for measuring current flow. ### Claim 21 (depends on 17) The arc detector of claim 17, wherein the arc detector further comprises an analog to digital converter (ADC) having an effective resolution of 14 bits or more compared to the system noise floor and a sample rate of at least 500,000 samples per second. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The arc detector of claim 21, wherein the analog to digital converter has one or more of: a. 16 bit or greater resolution; and b. a sample rate of 1 million or more samples per second in a single channel. ### Claim 23 (depends on 21) The arc detector of claim 21, wherein the samples are read into a buffer and blocks of samples are removed from the buffer for analysis, wherein a block comprises at least 1000 samples and spans a time period of less than 3 ms. ### Claim 24 (depends on 21) The arc detector of claim 21, wherein data presented by the ADC for processing comprises a string of sample values without missing samples between blocks. ### Claim 25 (depends on 21) The arc detector of claim 21, wherein the arc detector operates in real time, with a processing delay of less than 4 ms. ### Claim 26 A system comprising: an arc detector including a data processor configured to: perform a frequency domain analysis to identify system operation components in a frequency range under investigation; analyze a frequency distribution across the frequency range under investigation where the frequency distribution is modified so as to remove influence of one or more relatively narrow spurs including one or more inverter switching spurs having a frequency width of less than 400 Hz by applying one or more notch filters respectively centered over the respective one or more inverter switching spurs; compare an attribute of the frequency distribution with a threshold value to indicate presence or absence of an arc event; and generate an adjustment to at least one of one or more switches in a power system or one or more devices coupled to the power system to inhibit current flow based on the indication of the presence or absence of the arc event. ### Claim 27 (depends on 26) The system of claim 26, wherein the data processor is further configured to analyze a current flow in the power system to form a frequency domain representation based upon the current flow, wherein the frequency domain analysis is performed based on the frequency domain representation. ### Claim 28 (depends on 26) The system of claim 26, wherein the data processor is further configured to: identify system operation components by identifying the one or more relatively narrow spurs in the frequency domain representation; and process resulting sample values over a window within the frequency domain representation in which the influence of the one or more relatively narrow spurs has been removed, and determining existence of an arc if the result of the processing falls in a range of values indicative of the existence of the arc. ### Claim 29 (depends on 26) The system of claim 26, wherein the data processor is further configured to receive switch frequency data representative of at least one transistor switch within the power system and use the switch frequency data to mask or remove additional data from a plurality of regions in the frequency distribution which are centered around a plurality of interference frequencies which are at a corresponding plurality of predetermined multiples of at least one switch frequency.