# US 10,371,834 B2 · Detector systems for integrated radiation imaging

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- Number: US 10,371,834 B2
- Document ID: US10371834B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 13/573,981
- Filed: 2012-10-18
- Published: 2014-04-24
- Granted: 2019-08-06
- Earliest claimed: 2012-05-31
- Assignees: Minnesota Imaging and Engineering LLC
- Applicants: Robert Sigurd Nelson; William Bert Nelson
- Inventors: Robert Sigurd Nelson; William Bert Nelson
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10371834B2

## CPC

- G01T 1/247: {Detector read-out circuitry (for processing gain or off-set correction H04N)}
- G01T 1/1611: {using both transmission and emission sources sequentially (SPECT imaging G01T1/1642; PET imaging G01T1/2985; detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects G01V5/20)}
- B82Y 15/00: Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
- G01T: MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION (radiation analysis of materials, mass spectrometry G01N23/00; tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density or energy of radiation or particles H01J47/00)
- B82Y: SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES

## Abstract

The invention provides novel Compton camera detector designs and systems for enhanced radiographic imaging with integrated detector systems which incorporate Compton and nuclear medicine imaging, PET imaging and x-ray CT imaging capabilities. Compton camera detector designs employ one or more layers of detector modules comprised of edge-on or face-on detectors or a combination of edge-on and face-on detectors which may employ gas, scintillator, semiconductor, low temperature (such as Ge and superconductor) and structured detectors. Detectors may implement tracking capabilities and may operate in a non-coincidence or coincidence detection mode.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A detector system for integrated Compton-PET radiation imaging, the detector system comprising:
an x-ray and gamma ray radiation detector having two or more layers of detector modules configured to generate readout signals based on interactions of x-ray photons from an x-ray radiation source and gamma ray photons from a gamma ray radiation source, wherein at least one layer of the detector modules includes at least one of an edge-on detector module, a structured detector module, or a 3D spatial resolution detector module;
electronics configured for tracking the interactions of at least one of the x-ray photons or the gamma ray photons and analyzing the readout signals using at least one of energy integration or photon counting or photon counting with energy resolution techniques; and
an electronic communications link to a computer configured for post-processing, storage, and display of radiation image data generated thereby.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein two or more of the layers of detector modules comprise edge-on detector modules irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of the x-ray photons or the gamma ray photons incident thereon.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein the edge-on detector modules are configured in a focused structure geometry comprising a focused planar, focused ring, or focused partial ring detector format.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The detector system of claim 3, wherein the edge-on detector modules are tilted with respect to adjacent detector modules to achieve a focusing effect.

### Claim 5 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein the edge-on detector modules have gaps between adjacent detector modules and the gaps are effectively filled by offset of every other detector module in an offset detector layer.

### Claim 6 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein the edge-on detector modules include at least one of gas, scintillator-photodetector, semiconductor, structured or low temperature dielectric medium detectors, or structured 3D semiconductor detectors.

### Claim 7 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein two or more of the edge-on detector modules have an angled pixel structure with focused geometry so as to focus on the radiation source.

### Claim 8 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein the detector modules have geometry types that are non-uniform, and wherein the edge-on detector modules are positioned at a middle of a detector arc that images a region of interest within an object with face-on detectors on either side.

### Claim 9 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein two or more of the edge-on detector modules include at least one of structured 3D semiconductor detectors, structured Quantum Dot radiation detectors, structured semiconductor nanoparticle radiation detectors or structured gas-filled straw detectors, or scintillator-photodetector structured detectors.

### Claim 10 (depends on 2)

The detector system of claim 2, wherein two or more of the edge-on detector modules comprise multilayer structured Quantum Dot or semiconductor nanoparticle detectors with low-Z or moderate-Z Quantum Dot or semiconductor nanoparticle materials positioned near a radiation entrance surface and moderate-Z or high-Z Quantum Dot or semiconductor nanoparticle materials positioned farther from the radiation entrance surface.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the detector modules provide at least one of block, 1D, 2D and 3D spatial resolution, energy resolution or temporal resolution, or tracking capability.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the detector modules comprise a combination of edge-on and face-on detectors.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The detector system of claim 12, wherein the edge-on detectors incorporate sub-aperture-resolution capabilities that enhance detector spatial resolution using sub-aperture resolution (SAR) readout techniques with edge-on, side-irradiation detector geometry to estimate an interaction location of an event in the edge-on, side irradiation detector geometry.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The detector system of claim 13, wherein the face-on detectors incorporate depth-of-interaction capabilities to estimate the interaction location.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein two or more of the detector modules provide fast temporal resolution configured for time-of-flight PET coincidence imaging.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein two or more of the detector modules have pixel sizes that are non-uniform in an axial direction, wherein a high resolution pixel size is implemented near a center of the detector system in an axial direction with lower resolution pixel size on both sides of the center.

### Claim 17 (depends on 1, 16)

The detector system of claim 1 or claim 16, wherein two or more of the detector modules have a pixel size that is synthesized, wherein outputs of two or more pixels in the axial direction are combined electronically to synthesize a desired distribution of pixel sizes in the axial direction.

### Claim 18 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the electronics comprise readout ASICs of varying performance deployed as a function of detector depth along pixel columns in the detector modules, wherein readout ASICs of progressively slower speeds read out pixels at greater detector depths.

### Claim 19 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the electronics are configured for tracking at least one of x-ray or gamma ray interactions within and between two or more layers of the detector modules.

### Claim 20 (depends on 19)

The detector system of claim 19, wherein the electronics are further configured for coincidence detection of the gamma ray interactions between a pair of such detector systems facing each other and positioned on opposite sides of an object to be imaged.

### Claim 21 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the electronics comprise shielded readout ASICs mounted within an etched region along a bottom edge of a semiconductor detector substrate of the detector modules.

### Claim 22 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, further comprising a nuclear collimator positioned between the detector modules and the object being imaged thereby, and wherein the detector system is configured for 3-D imaging.

### Claim 23 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein individual modules of the detector modules are configured for at least one of x-ray or gamma ray photon counting, photon counting with energy resolution, energy integrating, or x-ray or gamma ray photon interaction tracking.

### Claim 24 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein two or more of the detector modules comprise structured gas-filled straw detectors with low-Z or moderate-Z annuli material selected to enhance Compton scatter.

### Claim 25 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the detector system is configured as a non-coincidence Compton-PET imaging system.

### Claim 26 (depends on 25)

The detector system of claim 25, wherein the detector system is further configured as an integrated non-coincidence Compton-PET imaging system wherein two or more of the layers of detector modules comprise edge-on detectors irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of x-rays or gamma rays incident thereon.

### Claim 27 (depends on 25)

The detector system of claim 25, wherein the non-coincidence Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT imaging system.

### Claim 28 (depends on 25)

The detector system of claim 25, wherein the non-coincidence Compton-PET imaging system is implemented as a hand-held detector probe.

### Claim 29 (depends on 28)

The detector system of claim 28, wherein the non-coincidence Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a gamma camera hand-held detector probe.

### Claim 30 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the detector system is configured as a coincidence Compton-PET imaging system.

### Claim 31 (depends on 30)

The detector system of claim 30, wherein the detector system is further configured as an integrated coincidence Compton-PET imaging system wherein two or more of the layers of detector modules comprise edge-on detectors irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of x-rays or gamma rays incident thereon.

### Claim 32 (depends on 30)

The detector system of claim 30, wherein the coincidence Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT camera.

### Claim 33 (depends on 1)

The detector system of claim 1, wherein the x-ray and gamma ray radiation detector comprises two or more layers of multilayer detector modules.

### Claim 34

An integrated CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system comprising:
two or more layers of edge-on detector modules irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of x-ray photons from an x-ray radiation source or gamma ray photons from a gamma ray radiation source, incident thereon;
electronics configured for tracking interactions of the x-ray photons and the gamma ray photons and analyzing the readout signals using at least one of energy integration or photon counting or photon counting with energy resolution techniques; and
an electronic communications link to a computer configured for post-processing, storage, and display of radiation image data generated thereby;
wherein the detector imaging system is configured as a CT detector imaging system and a Compton-PET detector imaging system configured to function independently, with a CT-PET detector imaging system having one or more layers of the edge-on detector modules, and the CT detector imaging system having one or more layers of the edge-on detector modules, and
one or more x-ray tubes or x-ray sources adapted to implement multispectral imaging.

### Claim 35 (depends on 34)

The integrated CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system of claim 34, wherein the one or more x-ray tubes or x-ray sources comprise multiple carbon nanotube or scanning electron beam sources adapted for reducing image acquisition time.

### Claim 36 (depends on 34)

The integrated CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system of claim 34, wherein the CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT camera.

### Claim 37 (depends on 34)

The integrated CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system of claim 34, wherein the two or more layers of detector modules comprise multilayer detector modules irradiated from the side and having the substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of the x-ray photons from the x-ray radiation source or the gamma ray photons from the gamma ray radiation source.

### Claim 38 (depends on 34)

The integrated CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system of claim 34, wherein the CT-PET detector imaging system comprises at least a first layer of the edge-on detector modules and the CT detector imaging system comprises at least a second layer of the edge-on detector modules or a layer of face-on detector modules.

### Claim 39

A Compton-PET imaging system comprising:
an x-ray and gamma ray radiation detector having two or more layers of detector modules configured to generate readout signals based on interactions of x-ray and gamma ray photons, wherein one or more of the layer of detector modules comprise edge-on detectors irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of the x-ray and gamma ray photons incident thereon;
electronics configured for tracking the interactions of at least one of the x-ray photons and the gamma ray photons and analyzing the readout signals using at least one of energy integration or photon counting or photon counting with energy resolution techniques; and
an electronic communications link to a computer configured for post-processing, storage, and display of radiation image data generated thereby.

### Claim 40 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein the system is configured as a non-coincidence CT-Compton-PET imaging system.

### Claim 41 (depends on 40)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 40, wherein the non-coincidence CT-Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT camera.

### Claim 42 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein the imaging system comprises multiple x-ray sources adapted for implementing multispectral imaging.

### Claim 43 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein the system is configured as a coincidence CT-Compton-PET imaging system.

### Claim 44 (depends on 43)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 43, wherein the coincidence Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT camera.

### Claim 45 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein the imaging system comprises multiple scanning electron beam or carbon nanotube x-ray sources adapted for at least one of reducing image acquisition time or implementing multispectral imaging.

### Claim 46 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein the detector system is configured as a limited coincidence integrated CT-Compton-PET imaging system comprising a CT detector system and a Compton-PET detector system configured to function independently.

### Claim 47 (depends on 46)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 46, wherein the limited coincidence integrated CT-Compton-PET imaging system is modified to function as a SPECT camera.

### Claim 48 (depends on 39)

A CT-Compton-PET detector imaging system according to claim 39, wherein the electronics defines a readout element pitch of the edge-on detector modules according to whether the detector system is functioning as a PET detector system or a CT detector system.

### Claim 49 (depends on 39)

A CT-Compton-PET imaging system according to claim 39, wherein the edge-on detector modules have an effective pixel width synthesized from outputs of one or more pixels along a detector row or column.

### Claim 50 (depends on 49)

The CT-Compton-PET imaging system of claim 49, wherein the effective pixel length is based on beam spectrum and intensity such that relatively smaller effective pixel lengths are synthesized near the entrance surface for a softer x-ray beam of a given intensity and relatively larger effective pixel lengths are synthesized near the entrance surface for a harder x-ray beam of the given intensity.

### Claim 51 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein one or more of the detector modules have pixel sizes that are non-uniform in an axial direction, wherein a high resolution pixel size is implemented near a center of the detector system in an axial direction with lower resolution pixel size on both sides of the center.

### Claim 52 (depends on 39)

The Compton-PET imaging system of claim 39, wherein one or more of the detector modules have a pixel size that is synthesized, wherein outputs of two or more pixels in the axial direction are combined electronically to synthesize a desired distribution of pixel sizes in the axial direction.

### Claim 53

A CT detector system comprising:
a radiation detector having two or more layers of detector modules, wherein at least one of the layers comprises one or more edge-on detector modules configured to generate readout signals based on interactions of x-ray photons from an x-ray radiation source or gamma ray photons from a gamma ray radiation source, wherein the one or more edge-on detector modules are irradiated from a side and have a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of the x-ray or gamma ray photons;
electronics configured for tracking the interactions of the x-ray or gamma ray photons and analyzing readout signals from the detector modules using at least one of energy integration or photon counting or photon counting with energy resolution techniques; and
an electronic communications link to a computer configured for post-processing, storage, and display of radiation image data detected thereby;
wherein the detector system is configured for CT imaging.

### Claim 54 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein the radiation detector comprises multilayer detectors.

### Claim 55 (depends on 54)

The CT detector system of claim 54, wherein the multilayer detectors include:
at least one of edge-on scintillator photodetectors or edge-on semiconductor detectors, face-on semiconductor detectors, structured detectors or low-temperature detectors; and
face-on scintillator photodetector detectors.

### Claim 56 (depends on 55)

The CT detector system of claim 55, wherein the multilayer detectors include a first layer of one or more edge-on scintillator photodetectors or edge-on semiconductor detectors and a second layer of one or more face-on scintillator photodetectors or face-on semiconductor detectors.

### Claim 57 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein:
a first layer of the detector modules is comprised of edge-on, low-to-moderate-Z semiconductor detectors or structured detectors; and
a second layer of the detector modules is comprised of face-on, moderate-to-high Z semiconductor detectors, structured detectors or scintillator-photodetector detectors;
wherein individual detector modules of the first and second layers are configured for x-ray or gamma ray photon counting and tracking interactions of at least one of x-ray or gamma ray photons.

### Claim 58 (depends on 53, 55, 57)

The CT detector system of claim 55 or claim 57 or claim 53, wherein the detector modules include at least one of 3D semiconductor structured detectors or structured mold semiconductor detectors, or scintillator-photodetector structured detectors.

### Claim 59 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein the CT detector imaging system comprises a CT-SPECT detector system.

### Claim 60 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein one or more of the detector modules have pixel sizes that are non-uniform in an axial direction, wherein a high resolution pixel size is implemented near a center of the detector system in an axial direction with lower resolution pixel size on both sides of the center.

### Claim 61 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein one or more of the detector modules have a pixel size that is synthesized, wherein outputs of two or more pixels in the axial direction are combined electronically to synthesize a desired distribution of pixel sizes in the axial direction.

### Claim 62 (depends on 53)

The CT detector system of claim 53, wherein at least two of the layers comprise one or more edge-on detector modules irradiated from a side and having a substrate positioned edge-on to at least one of the x-ray or gamma ray photons.