# US 10,371,822 B2 · Antenna array calibration > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,371,822 B2 - Document ID: US10371822B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 13/772,586 - Filed: 2013-02-21 - Published: 2014-08-21 - Granted: 2019-08-06 - Earliest claimed: 2013-02-21 - Assignees: Lockheed Martin Corporation - Applicants: Lockheed Martin Corporation - Inventors: Charles Apker; Mark Bullock; Steven Pratt; David D. Schmidt; Matthew Stafford; Scott O. Sorber - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10371822B2 ## CPC - G01S 19/23: Testing, monitoring, correcting or calibrating of receiver elements - G01S 19/235: {Calibration of receiver components} - H01Q 3/267: {Phased-array testing or checking devices} - G01S: RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES - H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72) ## Abstract An apparatus for performing calibration of an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna. The apparatus includes a global navigation satellite system receiver configured to measure a first phase of a first signal received by the first antenna from a satellite and a second phase of a second signal received by the second antenna from the satellite. The apparatus also includes at least one processor configured to receive the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver and to operate in a calibration mode to determine a difference between the first and second phases. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An apparatus for performing calibration of an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the apparatus comprising: at least one computer readable medium; a global navigation satellite system receiver configured to measure phases of signals received by the global navigation satellite system receiver; and at least one processor configured to: receive signals from the plurality of antennas; operate in a calibration mode to determine a phase correction based on signals received from a calibration satellite by: selecting a first signal received by the first antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas; selecting a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas; in response to providing the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver and the global navigation satellite system receiver measuring the phases of the first signal and the second signal as a first phase and a second phase, respectively, receiving the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver; determining a difference between the first and second phases; obtaining, from the at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas; and determining the phase correction by comparing the expected phase difference with the determined difference between the first and second phases; and operate in a beamforming mode by: producing a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the phase correction by performing subtraction to obtain a difference between the expected phase difference and the determined difference between the first and second phases. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine different phase correction values for different angles of arrival. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to provide the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of satellites are satellites of a global navigation satellite system and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to track the plurality of satellites when operating in the beamforming mode. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite, the at least one processor being further configured to determine a difference between the first and third phases. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to compare the difference between the first and third phases with an expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a phase correction value. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to, when operating in the beamforming mode: adjust a phase of a signal received by the first antenna from a first global navigation satellite to produce a first phase-adjusted signal; adjust a phase of a signal received by the second antenna from the first global navigation satellite to produce a second phase-adjusted signal; sum the first phase-adjusted signal and the second phase-adjusted signal to produce a first beamformed signal; adjust a phase of a signal received by the first antenna from a second global navigation satellite to produce a third phase-adjusted signal; adjust a phase of a signal received by the second antenna from the second global navigation satellite to produce a fourth phase-adjusted signal; sum the third phase-adjusted signal and the fourth phase-adjusted signal to produce a second beamformed signal; and provide the first beamformed signal and the second beamformed signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the global navigation satellite system receiver comprises a plurality of logically separate inputs that include a first input and a second input, and wherein the global navigation satellite system receiver is configured to, at the same time: receive the first signal from the first antenna at the first input; and receive the second signal from the second antenna. ### Claim 10 A calibration method for an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the method comprising: selecting, using at least one processor, a first signal received by the first antenna from a calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas; selecting, using the at least one processor, a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas; measuring a first phase of the first signal received by the first antenna and a second phase of the second signal received by the second antenna using a global navigation satellite system receiver; receiving, by the at least one processor, the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation system receiver; determining, using the at least one processor, a difference between the first and second phases; obtaining, from at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas; determining, using the at least one processor, a phase correction by comparing the difference between the first and second phases with the expected phase difference; and producing, using the at least one processor, a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The calibration method of claim 10, wherein the calibration satellite is a satellite of a global navigation satellite system. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The calibration method of claim 10, further comprising: storing the expected phase difference and the phase correction value in the at least one computer readable medium. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The calibration method of claim 10, further comprising: calculating beamsteering phase values for the first and second signals, based at least in part on the phase correction value, to receive an electromagnetic wave from a selected direction. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The calibration method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, and the method further comprises: determining a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite; determining a difference between the first and third phases; and comparing the difference between the first and third phases with a second expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a second phase correction value. ### Claim 15 A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, perform a calibration method for an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the method comprising: selecting, using the at least one processor, a first signal received by the first antenna from a calibration satellite from amongst signals received from the plurality of antennas; selecting, using the at least one processor, a second signal received by the second antenna from the calibration satellite from amongst the signals received from the plurality of antennas; in response to providing the first signal and the second signal to a global navigation satellite system receiver and the global navigation satellite system receiver measuring the phases of the first signal and the second signal as a first phase and a second phase, respectively, receiving the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver; determining, using the at least one processor, a difference between the first and second phases; obtaining, from at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas; determining, using the at least one processor, a phase correction by comparing the difference between the first and second phases with the expected phase difference; and producing, using the at least one processor, a plurality of beamformed signals, each beamformed signal being produced for a respective satellite of a plurality of satellites by phase-adjusting and combining the signals received from the plurality of antennas, wherein said phase-adjusting is performed based at least in part on the determined phase correction. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the calibration satellite is a satellite of a global navigation satellite system. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises storing the expected phase difference and the phase correction value in the at least one computer readable medium. ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises calculating beamsteering phase values for the first and second signals, based at least in part on the phase correction value, to receive an electromagnetic wave from a selected direction. ### Claim 19 (depends on 15) The non-transitory computer readable storage medium method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of antennas further comprises a third antenna, and the method further comprises: determining a third phase of a third signal received by the third antenna from the calibration satellite; determining a difference between the first and third phases; and comparing the difference between the first and third phases with a second expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a second phase correction value. ### Claim 20 An apparatus for performing calibration of an antenna array having a plurality of antennas including at least a first antenna and a second antenna, the apparatus comprising: at least one computer readable medium; a global navigation satellite system receiver configured to measure a first phase of a first signal received by the first antenna from a satellite and a second phase of a second signal received by the second antenna from the satellite; and at least one processor configured to: receive the first phase and the second phase from the global navigation satellite system receiver; determine a difference between the first and second phases; obtain, from the at least one computer readable medium, an expected phase difference between signals received by the first and second antennas; determine a phase correction by comparing the expected phase difference with the determined difference between the first and second phases; and perform beamsteering of the first signal received by the first antenna from the satellite and of the second signal received by the second antenna from the satellite by adjusting the first phase of the first signal and the second phase of the second signal based at least in part on the determined phase correction. ### Claim 21 (depends on 20) The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the phase correction by performing subtraction to obtain a difference between the expected phase difference and the determined difference between the first and second phases. ### Claim 22 (depends on 20) The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is configured to obtain the first and second signals and to provide the first signal and the second signal to the global navigation satellite system receiver. ### Claim 23 (depends on 20) The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to track a plurality of satellites of a global navigation satellite system during said beamsteering. ### Claim 24 (depends on 20) The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to compare the difference between the first and third phases with an expected phase difference between signals received using the first and third antennas to produce a phase correction value.