# US 10,371,003 B2 · Aircraft vapour trail control system

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- Number: US 10,371,003 B2
- Document ID: US10371003B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 15/163,318
- Filed: 2016-05-24
- Published: 2016-12-29
- Granted: 2019-08-06
- Earliest claimed: 2015-06-22
- Assignees: ROLLS-ROYCE plc
- Applicants: ROLLS-ROYCE plc
- Inventors: Peter Swann; Andrew M Rolt; Paul Fletcher
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10371003B2

## CPC

- B64C 23/065: {at the wing tips}
- B64D 27/18: within, or attached to, wings
- B64D 27/31: within, or attached to, wings
- B64D 27/33: Hybrid electric aircraft
- B64D 31/18: for hybrid-electric power plants
- B64D 35/023: of series-parallel type
- F01D 15/10: Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
- F01D 17/24: electrical
- F01D 21/003: {Arrangements for testing or measuring (for measuring vibrations G01H)}
- F02C 3/04: having a turbine driving a compressor (power transmission arrangements F02C7/36; control of working fluid flow F02C9/16)
- F02C 7/22: Fuel supply systems
- F02K 3/06: with front fan
- F02K 3/075: controlling flow ratio between flows
- B64C 21/01: Boundary layer ingestion [BLI] propulsion
- B64D 27/026: {comprising different types of power plants, e.g. combination of a piston engine and a gas-turbine (Hybrid electric aircraft B64D27/33)}
- F05D 2220/323: for aircraft propulsion, e.g. jet engines
- F05D 2260/42: Storage of energy
- F05D 2270/306: Mass flow
- Y02T 50/10: Drag reduction
- Y02T 50/60: Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
- B64C: AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64D: EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- F01D: NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids F03; non-positive displacement pumps F04D)
- F02C: GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS (construction of turbines F01D; jet-propulsion plants F02K; construction of compressors or fans F04; generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity F23R; using gas turbines in compression refrigeration plants F25B11/00)
- F02K: JET-PROPULSION PLANTS (features of jet-propulsion plants common to gas-turbine plants, air intakes or fuel supply control of air-breathing jet-propulsion plants F02C7/00, F02C9/00)
- F05D: INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION

## Abstract

The invention concerns an aircraft propulsion system having an engine core within which fuel is combusted to produce an exhaust containing water produced from the combustion of fuel, at least one propulsive fan for generating a mass flow of air which mixes with the exhaust of the engine core, and one or more sensor arranged to sense a condition indicative of vapor trail formation by the exhaust flow from the engine; and a controller arranged to control the ratio of the mass flow of water in the exhaust to the mass flow of air propulsed by the propulsive fan such that the ratio is reduced upon sensing of said condition by the one or more sensor.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of operating an aircraft propulsion system having an engine with an engine core, and at least one propulsive fan, the engine core being configured to combust a quantity of fuel to generate an exhaust flow containing water, the water being a product of combustion of the fuel, the at least one propulsive fan being configured to rotate at a velocity that generates a mass flow of air, the at least one propulsive fan being coaxially located with the engine core, and the mass flow of air generated by the at least one propulsive fan mixing with the exhaust flow, the method comprising:
monitoring for an occurrence of conditions indicative of contrail formation, the conditions indicative of contrail formation including conditions indicating that contrail formation is happening and ambient conditions predictive of contrail formation; and
increasing a ratio of the mass flow of air generated by the at least one propulsive fan to a mass of water in the exhaust flow when the conditions occur,
wherein the at least one propulsive fan is bounded by a duct, the duct defining an annular nozzle at a downstream end of the duct, and the annular nozzle directs the mass flow of air to bypass the engine core and flow towards the exhaust flow.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is increased by reducing the mass of water produced in the engine core.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is increased by increasing the mass flow of air generated by the at least one propulsive fan.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is increased by increasing the velocity at which the at least one propulsive fan is rotated to increase the mass flow of air generated by the at least one propulsive fan.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method according to claim 4, wherein the at least one propulsive fan is connected to an electrical network which supplies additional drive energy to increase the velocity at which the at least one propulsive fan is rotated.

### Claim 6 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein the mass of water in the exhaust flow is reduced by lowering the quantity of fuel combusted in the engine core, wherein lowering the quantity of fuel combusted reduces thrust generated by the engine core, and the reduced thrust is mitigated by increasing thrust generated by one or more further propulsive fans.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The method according to claim 6, wherein the one or more further propulsive fans are one or more electrically driven fans connected to an electrical power supply via an electrical network, wherein, when the conditions occur, power, or increased power, is supplied to the one or more further propulsive fans from the electrical power supply.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The method according to claim 7, wherein the electrical power supply is a battery charged by the engine.

### Claim 9

An aircraft propulsion system comprising:
an engine having an engine core configured to combust a quantity of fuel to produce an exhaust flow containing water, the water being a product of combustion of the fuel;
at least one propulsive fan configured to generate a mass flow of air when rotating, the at least one propulsive fan being coaxially located with the engine core, and the mass flow of the air generated by the at least one propulsive fan mixing with the exhaust flow;
one or more sensors configured to detect an occurrence of conditions indicative of contrail formation by the exhaust flow from the engine, the conditions indicative of contrail formation including conditions indicating that contrail formation is happening and ambient conditions predictive of contrail formation; and
a controller in communication with the one or more sensors and configured to:
receive a respective signal from each of the one or more sensors;
monitor the respective signal from each of the one or more sensors to determine whether the occurrence of conditions indicative of contrail formation has been detected; and
increase a ratio of the mass flow of air generated by the at least one propulsive fan to a mass of water in the exhaust flow when the occurrence of the conditions has been detected,
wherein the at least one propulsive fan is located within a duct having an annular flow opening downstream of the duct, and
the flow opening comprises a portion of a bypass duct of the engine to allow the mass flow of air to bypass the engine core and flow towards the exhaust flow.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is further configured to increase the velocity of the at least one propulsive fan when the occurrence of the conditions has been detected.

### Claim 11 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the at least one propulsive fan is connected to the engine via an electrical network.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 11, wherein the electrical network comprises at least one electrical storage unit that can supply electrical energy to the at least one propulsive fan via the electrical network to effect rotation of the at least one propulsive fan.

### Claim 13 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to increase the ratio only when the one or more sensors detect that ambient air is supersaturated with respect to ice and/or when the one or more sensors detect that ambient light is below a predetermined threshold level.

### Claim 14 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the one or more sensors comprises an altitude sensor, wherein the controller is configured to increase the ratio only when the altitude sensor detects an altitude above a predetermined threshold and/or within a predetermined altitude range.

### Claim 15 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the one or more sensors comprises a receiver for detecting an electromagnetic or acoustic reflection and/or emission from a contrail downstream of the engine.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the duct includes a bypass closure, and wherein increasing the ratio is performed by adjusting a degree of opening of the bypass closure.

### Claim 17 (depends on 9)

The aircraft propulsion system according to claim 9, wherein the duct includes a bypass closure, and wherein the controller is configured to increase the ratio by adjusting a degree of opening of the bypass closure.