# US 10,370,963 B2 · Method for selecting bed boundaries and log squaring using electromagnetic measurements > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,370,963 B2 - Document ID: US10370963B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/026,230 - Filed: 2014-09-30 - Published: 2016-08-25 - Granted: 2019-08-06 - Earliest claimed: 2013-09-30 - Assignees: Schlumberger Technology Corporation - Applicants: Schlumberger Technology Corporation - Inventors: Keli Sun; Dzevat Omeragic; Steve F. Crary - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10370963B2 ## CPC - E21B 49/00: Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells - E21B 47/0228: using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor - G01V 3/18: specially adapted for well-logging - G01V 3/26: operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device (with electromagnetic waves G01V3/30) - G01V 3/38: Processing data, e.g. for analysis, for interpretation, for correction - G01V 20/00: Geomodelling in general - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS - G01V: GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS (means for indicating the location of accidentally buried, e.g. snow-buried, persons A63B29/02) ## Abstract Techniques for log squaring using both directional and non-directional electromagnetic measurements are disclosed. The techniques described herein can be used for determining bed boundary locations and assigning resistivity values to each layer in a layered earth model, regardless of well deviation. Potential bed boundary locations can be derived from both directional and non-directional electromagnetic measurement data. The bed boundary locations from the directional and non-directional measurements can then be consolidated using a weighted averaging scheme, where weight can be dependent based on apparent formation dip. By combining the results from both directional and non-directional measurements, the log squaring techniques described herein can be used in most wells regardless of the well angle (the angle can be arbitrary). Once bed boundaries are selected, formation properties, such as horizontal resistivity (Rh) and vertical resistivity (Rv) can be assigned to the model layers. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An electromagnetic logging while drilling method comprising: rotating an electromagnetic logging tool in a wellbore formed through a subsurface formation to acquire directional and non-directional resistivity measurements in the wellbore; applying filtering to the directional and non-directional resistivity measurements; identify peaks in the directional and non-directional resistivity measurement curves as potential bed boundary locations; constructing a bed boundary curve by combining the identified peaks and their corresponding magnitudes using a weighting function based at least partially upon the apparent formation dip; consolidating the peaks on the bed boundary curve to define individual bed boundaries; and assigning resistivity values to each layer, as defined by the individual bed boundaries. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises at least one axial transmitter antenna and at least one axial receiver antenna for acquiring the non-directional resistivity measurements. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises a plurality of axial transmitter antennas to provide for different transmitter-receiver spacings with the at least one axial receiver antenna. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises a plurality of axial receiver antennas to provide for different transmitter-receiver spacings with the at least one axial transmitter antenna. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises at least one tilted or transverse receiver antenna that acquires the directional resistivity measurements by receiving an electromagnetic signal transmitted from at least one axial, tilted, or transverse transmitter antenna. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises at least one tilted or transverse transmitter antenna that transmits an electromagnetic signal received by at least one axial, tilted or transverse receiver antenna that acquires the directional resistivity measurements. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein applying filtering to the directional resistivity measurements comprises applying a smoothing filter. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, wherein the smoothing filter comprises a Gaussian smoothing filter. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein applying filtering to the non-directional resistivity measurements comprises applying a derivative filter. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein the derivative filter comprises a Gaussian derivative filter. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the weighting function applies a greater weighting factor to peaks from the non-directional resistivity measurements than to peaks from the directional resistivity measurements when the apparent formation dip indicates a well inclination is closer to vertical, and applies a greater weighting factor to peaks from the directional resistivity measurements that to peaks from the non-directional resistivity measurements when the apparent formation dip indicates a well inclination is closer to horizontal. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the weight function comprises: applying a weighting factor of approximately 1 to peaks from the non-directional resistivity measurements and applying a weighting factor of approximately 0 to peaks from the directional resistivity measurements when the apparent formation dip is between approximately 0 to 50 degrees; applying a weighting factor to peaks from the non-directional resistivity measurements that gradually decreases from approximately 1 to 0 and applying a weighting factor to peaks from the directional resistivity measurements that gradually increases from approximately 0 to 1 as the apparent formation dip increases from approximately 50 to 80 degrees; and applying a weighting factor of approximately 0 to peaks from the non-directional resistivity measurements and applying a weighting factor of approximately 1 to peaks from the directional resistivity measurements when the apparent formation dip is between approximately 80 to 90 degrees. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the bed boundary curve is filtered before consolidating the peaks. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein consolidating the peaks comprises: for a given cutoff window, identifying the number of potential bed boundaries in the bed boundary curve within the cutoff window; and averaging the bed boundary locations based on their peak magnitudes. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein when the thickness of a layer defined by the individual bed boundaries is less than a minimum thickness, at least one bed boundary defining that layer is removed. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein when the thickness of a layer defined by the individual bed boundaries is greater than a maximum thickness, an additional bed boundary is added. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein assigning resistivity values to each layer comprises assigning a horizontal resistivity and a vertical resistivity. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the drilling of the wellbore based at least in part on the resistivity values assigned to each layer. ### Claim 19 An electromagnetic logging while drilling system comprising: an electromagnetic logging tool that, when deployed in a wellbore formed through a subsurface formation, rotates and acquires directional and non-directional resistivity measurements; a processing device configured to: filter to the directional and non-directional resistivity measurements; identify peaks in the directional and non-directional resistivity measurement curves as potential bed boundary locations; construct a bed boundary curve by combining the identified peaks and their corresponding magnitudes using a weighting function based at least partially upon the apparent formation dip; consolidate the peaks on the bed boundary curve to define individual bed boundaries; and assign resistivity values to each layer, as defined by the individual bed boundaries. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The system of claim 19, wherein the processing device constructs a layered earth model based on the layers. ### Claim 21 (depends on 19) The system of claim 19, wherein the electromagnetic logging tool comprises at least one axial transmitter antenna and at least one axial receiver antenna for acquiring the non-directional resistivity measurements. ### Claim 22 (depends on 19) The method of claim 19, wherein the processing device is further configured to control the drilling of the wellbore based at least in part on the resistivity values assigned to each layer.