Acetaminophen adducts and methods of use thereof

A method of treating acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:

• a) obtaining a sample from the subject;
• b) measuring the amount of acetaminophen (APAP)-protein adduct in the sample to determine a profile of APAP-protein adducts in the subject, the profile comprising the identity and concentration in the sample from the subject of one or more APAP-protein adducts, wherein each APAP-protein adduct comprises a protein covalently modified with N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone (NAPQI), and wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase, 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase, and dystrophin;
• c) comparing the profile determined in (b) to a database comprising the presence and concentration of one or more APAP-protein adducts correlated with acetaminophen toxicity;
• d) identifying a matching entry of the database in which the identity and concentration of the one or more APAP-protein adducts matches the identity and concentration of the one or more APAP-protein adducts in the sample;
• e) determining the acetaminophen toxicity comprising the particular acetaminophen toxicity of the matching entry;
• and
• f) administering treatment for acetaminophen-induced toxicity after step e) to the subject.