Processes for the formation of furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) via a multistep biocatalytic oxidation reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

A process for the formation of furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), said process comprising the steps of

• (i) providing hydroxymethylfurfural, and
• (ii) (a) adding xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and/or galactose oxidase variant M3-5 (GOase M3-5), or
• (b) adding galactose oxidase variant M3-5 (GOase M3-5), periplasmic aldehyde oxidase (PaoABC), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the hydroxymethylfurfural, or
• (c) adding galactose oxidase variant M3-5 (GOase M3-5), periplasmic aldehyde oxidase (PaoABC), and a metal complex to the hydroxymethylfurfural, or
• (d) adding galactose oxidase variant M3-5 (GOase M3-5), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD), nicotinamide oxidase (NOX) and either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to the hydroxymethylfurfural provided in step (i), or
• (e) adding aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD), nicotinamide oxidase (NOX) and either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to the hydroxymethylfurfural provided in step (i), or
• (f) adding ketoreductase (KRED), and either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).