Advanced graphite additive for enhanced cycle-life of deep discharge lead-acid batteries

A deep discharge lead acid cell, comprising:

• a first electrode comprising lead;
• a second electrode comprising lead dioxide;
• a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
• an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid;
• and
• a carbon-based additive comprising graphite having a specific surface area of approximately 100 to 900 m2/g, having a (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower;
• and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher, and further wherein the carbon-based additive has (i) between about 20 and 40 percent microporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight (ii) between about 60 and 70 percent mesoporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight and (iii) between about 0 and 10 percent macroporous carbon particles of the total amount of carbon-based additive by weight, wherein the carbon-based additive is mixed with a negative paste and wherein the concentration of the carbon-based additive relative to the paste is between about 0.2 to 3% by weight.

A deep discharge lead acid battery, comprising:

• a plurality of cells, said cells comprising:
• a first electrode comprising lead;
• a second electrode comprising lead dioxide, wherein said first and second electrodes are configured with a thickness between about 0.015 and 0.025 inches;
• a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
• an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid;
• and
• a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m2/g wherein the carbon-based additive is a disordered carbon additive in negative active material with (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower;
• and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher;
• wherein said deep discharge lead acid battery has a capacity of between about 300 to 2000 Ah and a voltage of between about 6V and 48V.

A deep discharge lead acid battery, comprising:

• a plurality of cells, said cells comprising:
• a first electrode comprising lead;
• a second electrode comprising lead dioxide, wherein said first and second electrodes are configured with a thickness between about 0.015 and 0.025 inches;
• a separator between the electrode comprising lead and the electrode comprising lead dioxide;
• an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid;
• and
• a carbon-based additive having a specific surface area of approximately 250 to 550 m2/g wherein the carbon-based additive is a disordered carbon additive in negative active material with (i) crystallinity of 60% or lower, (ii) degradation onset temperature of 650° C. or lower;
• and (iii) degradation temperature range of a minimum 170° C. or higher;
• wherein said deep discharge lead acid battery has a capacity of between about 300 to 2000 Ah and a voltage of between about 6V and 48V and wherein the charge acceptance at about 32 degrees F. is between about 0.67 to 1.49 Ah/min.