# US 10,321,461 B2 · Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) beam pointing and data rate optimization for high throughput broadband access > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 10,321,461 B2 - Document ID: US10321461B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/225,269 - Filed: 2016-08-01 - Published: 2017-11-09 - Granted: 2019-06-11 - Earliest claimed: 2016-05-06 - Assignees: Bridgewest Finance LLC - Applicants: Bridgewest Finance LLC - Inventors: Ahmad Jalali - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US10321461B2 ## CPC - H04W 72/046: {the resource being in the space domain, e.g. beams} - H01Q 1/28: Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons - H01Q 3/24: varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching - H01Q 21/205: {providing an omnidirectional coverage (turnstile aerials H01Q21/26)} - H04B 7/18502: {Airborne stations} - H04B 7/18504: {Aircraft used as relay or high altitude atmospheric platform} - H04B 7/18578: {Satellite systems for providing broadband data service to individual earth stations (for selecting H04W; provisions for broadband connection, H04Q11/0478)} - H04B 7/18586: {Arrangements for data transporting, e.g. for an end to end data transport or check} - H04B 7/2041: {Spot beam multiple access} - H04W 16/26: Cell enhancers {or enhancement}, e.g. for tunnels, building shadow - H04W 16/28: using beam steering - H04W 24/08: Testing, {supervising or monitoring} using real traffic - H04W 36/0085: {Hand-off measurements} - H04W 36/22: for handling the traffic - H04W 36/304: {due to measured or perceived resources with higher communication quality} - H04W 64/00: Locating users or terminals {or network equipment} for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management - H04W 72/0446: Resources in time domain, e.g. slots or frames - H04W 72/0473: {the resource being transmission power} - H04W 36/06: Reselecting a communication resource in the serving access point - H04W: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (broadcast communication H04H; communication systems using wireless links for non-selective communication, e.g. wireless extensions H04M1/72) - H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72) - H04B: TRANSMISSION ## Abstract Systems and methods configured to form and manage different types of beams toward target ground terminals to “optimally” communicate with the terminals. In one set of embodiments, the UAV generates a set of beams to cover cells on the ground, the beams are divided into groups, and the UAV communications system deterministically and sequentially turns a subset of the beams on/off to reduce cross-beam interference and increase system throughput. In another embodiment, in order to increase throughput, the UAV communications system determines the highest data rate on the downlink and uplink that are decodable at the receiver given the received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) while maintaining a low packet error rate. Systems and methods are described to determine the UAV antenna pattern toward different terminals needed for SINR calculation and data rate determination. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) broadband access system comprising: an antenna sub-system comprising at least one antenna aperture configured to form a plurality of beams toward a ground coverage area, where the plurality of beams are further subdivided into a plurality of groups of co-active beams; wherein at least a portion of the plurality of groups of co-active beams are co-frequency; a UAV radio sub-system comprising one or more transmitters and receivers and configured to transmit and receive signals to and from a set of ground terminals within the ground coverage area; and wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: assign at least one ground terminal in at least one beam to transmit during a given time slot; estimate one or more UAV downlink beam gains for the at least one beam assigned to the at least one ground terminal based on one or more of: one or more UAV position coordinates, one or more UAV orientations, and at least one ground terminal location; determine an optimal downlink data rate for the at least one beam based at least in part of the estimated one or more UAV downlink beam gains; and transmit downlink data packets to the assigned at least one ground terminal in the at least one beam based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: determine an optimal uplink data rate that can be decoded on an uplink based on the measured uplink signal strength and at least one criteria; and receive uplink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal uplink data rate. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The UAV broadband access system of claim 2, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to send the measured uplink signal strength or the determined optimal uplink data rate to the assigned at least one ground terminal. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: schedule downlink transmissions to the assigned at least one ground terminal in the at least one beam; and receive measured downlink signal strength estimates from the assigned at least one ground terminal on the at least one co-active co-frequency beam. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The UAV broadband access system of claim 4, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: determine an optimal downlink data rate based at least in part on the received measured downlink signal quality estimates and at least one other criteria; and transmit downlink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: estimate one or more UAV uplink beam gains based at least in part on one or more of: one or more UAV position coordinates, one or more UAV orientations, and at least one ground terminal location; determine an optimal uplink data rate based at least in part of the estimated one or more UAV uplink beam gains; and receive uplink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal uplink data rate. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The UAV broadband access system of claim 6, wherein the estimated one or more UAV uplink beam gains are performed at a plurality of UAV positions on a cruising orbit. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: compute an uplink interference power of an interfering uplink of at least one other ground terminal that transmits during a same time slot as the assigned at least one terminal; determine an optimal uplink data rate based at least in part on the computed uplink interference power; and receive uplink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal uplink data rate. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: compute a total uplink interference based at least in part on all ground terminals that are scheduled to transmit at a same time slot as the assigned at least one ground terminal; compute an expected signal strength from the assigned at least one ground terminal; compute an expected uplink signal quality of the assigned at least one ground terminal based on the computed total uplink interference and the computed expected signal strength from the assigned at least one ground terminal; determine an optimal uplink data rate based at least in part of the computed expected uplink signal quality at the assigned at least one ground terminal; and receive uplink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal uplink data rate. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: compute an downlink interference power of an interfering downlink of at least one other ground terminal that receives during a same time slot as the assigned at least one ground terminal; determine an optimal downlink data rate based at least in part on the computed downlink interference power; and transmit downlink data based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The UAV broadband access system of claim 1, wherein the UAV radio sub-system further comprises logic configured to: compute a total downlink interference based on all ground terminals that are scheduled to receive at a same time slot as the assigned at least one ground terminal; compute an expected signal strength at the assigned at least one ground terminal; compute an expected downlink signal quality of the assigned at least one ground terminal based on the computed total downlink interference and the computed expected signal strength at the assigned at least one ground terminal; determine an optimal downlink data rate based at least in part of the computed expected downlink signal quality at the assigned at least one ground terminal; and transmit downlink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate. ### Claim 12 A method for receiving data packets in a UAV broadband access system, comprising: forming at least one beam toward a ground coverage area; measuring an uplink signal estimate of received signals on the formed at least one beam; determining an optimal uplink data rate that can be decoded on the uplink based on the measured uplink signal estimate and at least one criteria; and receiving uplink data packets on the formed at least one beam based at least in part on the determined optimal uplink data rate. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising: transmitting a reference signal on at least one other beam; receiving a measured downlink signal estimate of the at least one other beam from at least one ground terminal within the ground coverage area; determining an optimal downlink data rate based at least in part on the received measured downlink signal estimate and at least one other criteria; and transmitting downlink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, further comprising transmitting the measured uplink signal estimate to the at least one ground terminal within the ground coverage area. ### Claim 15 A ground terminal apparatus configured to communicate with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) broadband access system, the ground terminal apparatus comprising: a radio transceiver configured to transmit and receive signals to and from the UAV; a processor coupled to the radio transceiver; and logic configured to: determine one or more beams that are associated with the UAV; determine one or more time slots that are assigned for transmission; transmit one or more reference signals according to the determined one or more time slots and determined one or more beams; measure a downlink signal estimate of received signals on a downlink; determine an optimal downlink data rate that can be decoded on the downlink based on the measured downlink signal estimate and at least one criteria; receive downlink data packets based at least in part on the determined optimal downlink data rate; and wherein the transmitted one or more reference signals are associated with the UAV. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The ground terminal apparatus of claim 15, wherein each group of co-active beams are further associated with one or more frequencies. ### Claim 17 (depends on 15) The ground terminal apparatus of claim 15, wherein the one or more reference signals are further encoded with a UAV beam specific code that identifies the determined one or more beams from a plurality of beams. ### Claim 18 (depends on 15) The ground terminal apparatus of claim 15, wherein the determined one or more beams are further associated with a group of co-active beams.