Thin layer sonochemistry and sonoelectrochemistry devices and methods

A device comprising:

• at least one sonoelectrochemical cell comprising cell walls and a containment volume to hold a thin layer of condensed fluid which supports an electron transfer reaction when the thin layer of condensed fluid is disposed in the containment volume,
• wherein the cell further comprises an ultrasonic transducer, optionally as an ultrasonic transducer face, to propagate sound waves into the thin layer of condensed fluid when the thin layer of condensed fluid is disposed in the containment volume, and
• wherein the cell and the cell walls further comprise an opening to a less dense phase to provide the thin layer of condensed fluid with at least one interface which provides for reflection of the sound waves from the interface back into the thin layer of condensed fluid when the thin layer of condensed fluid is disposed in the containment volume,
• wherein the sonoelectrochemical cell comprises a working electrode, a counter electrode, and optionally a reference electrode,
• wherein the cell walls and the opening form a well having a top of the well, and when added the thin layer of condensed fluid forms a meniscus arching across the top of the well,
• wherein the sonoelectrochemical cell comprises the thin layer of condensed fluid,
• wherein the thin layer is 100 mm or less,
• wherein the cell is characterized by a cell height which is less than the longest lateral dimension of the cell;
• wherein the working electrode extends into the containment volume of the sonoelectrochemical cell;
• and
• wherein the sonoelectrochemical cell in operation increases the rate of the electron transfer reaction in the thin layer of condensed fluid.