Reversal of general anesthesia by administration of methylphenidate, amphetamine, modafinil, amantadine, and/or caffeine

An electronic method for determining a state of consciousness from electroencephalogram (“EEG”) signals acquired from a subject experiencing an administration of at least one anesthetic agent or at least one drug to facilitate emergence from anesthesia, the electronic method comprising:

• acquiring EEG signals from EEG electrodes the EEG signals responsive to said state of consciousness of the subject experiencing said administration of said at least one anesthetic agent or said at least one drug to facilitate emergence from anesthesia;
• electronically determining physiological data responsive to said EEG signals;
• electronically processing said physiological data including applying at least one window to the physiological data;
• for the at least one window, electronically calculating a multi-taper spectrum estimation;
• and
• electronically generating a viewable spectrogram responsive to the multi-taper spectrum estimation, wherein the spectrogram is responsive of the state of consciousness of the subject.