Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein

• the photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer,
• the photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin,
• the binder resin contains a polyarylate resin,
• a combination of the polyarylate resin and the electron transport material is:
• a first combination of a polyarylate resin represented by a chemical formula (R-2) shown below and an electron transport material represented by a chemical formula (ETM1-1) shown below;
• a second combination of a polyarylate resin represented by a chemical formula (R-4) shown below and an electron transport material represented by a chemical formula (ETM2-1) shown below;
• or
• a third combination of a polyarylate resin represented by a chemical formula (R-4) shown below and an electron transport material represented by a chemical formula (ETM5-1) shown below,
• the photosensitive layer has a scratch resistance depth of no greater than 0.50 μm,
• the photosensitive layer has a Vickers hardness of at least 17.0 HV,
• the scratch resistance depth of the photosensitive layer is measured by a measuring method using a scratching apparatus,
• the scratching apparatus include a scratching stylus and a fixing table having a rectangular upper surface,
• the scratching stylus has a hemi-spherical sapphire tip end having a diameter of 1 mm, and
• the measuring method include:
• fixing the electrophotographic photosensitive member on the rectangular upper surface of the fixing table such that a longitudinal direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is parallel to a longitudinal direction of the rectangular upper surface of the fixing table;
• bringing the scratch stylus into perpendicular contact with a surface of the photosensitive layer;
• forming a scratch on the surface of the photosensitive layer using the scratch stylus in a manner that the fixing table and the electrophotographic photosensitive member fixed on the rectangular upper surface of the fixing table are moved in the longitudinal direction of the fixing table by 30 mm at a speed of 30 mm/minute while 10 g of a load is applied to the photosensitive layer through the scratch stylus in perpendicular contact with the surface of the photosensitive layer;
• and
• measuring a resistance depth of the formed scratch that is a maximum depth of the formed scratch