Structure, synthesis, and applications for poly (phenylene) ethynylenes (PPEs)

A material incorporating a poly(phenylene ethynylene), the poly(phenylene ethynylene) having the structure:

• wherein
• the poly(phenylene ethynylene) is grafted to the material by chemisorption or wherein the poly(phenylene ethynylene) is attached to the material by physisorption;
• n is selected from the group consisting of whole numbers between 5 and 200;
• A is C2C6H2;
• B is selected from the group consisting of C2C6H2 and C2C4S;
• C=is either C6H4 or not present;
• X is selected from the group consisting of:
• H, [C2C6H4]2COOCH2CH3, and [C2C4H2S][C2C6H4]COOCH2CH3;
• Y is selected from the group consisting of:
• H and COOCH2CH3;
• ZA is selected from the group consisting of O(CH2)k(C6H12N2)C6H132+, O(CH2)kSO3−, O(CH2)kN(CH2CH3)3+, and O(CH2)kN(CH3)3+, wherein k is selected from the group consisting of the whole numbers between 1 and 10;
• ZB is selected from the group consisting of H and (OCH2CH2)3OCH3;
• wherein, it ZA is O(CH2)k(C6H12N2)C6H132+, then ZB is H, A=C2C6H2, C, if present, is C6H4, and X is selected from the group consisting of H and [C2C6H4]2COOCH2CH3;
• if Y is H, then X is not H;
• if X is H, then Y is not H, and C is not present;
• if X is [C2C6H4]2COOCH2CH3, then Y is COOCH2Cl-b and C is C6H4;
• if ZA is O(CH2)kSO3−, then ZB is H, A=C2C6H2, C is not present, and one but not both of X or Y is H;
• if ZA is O(CH2)kN(CH2CH3)3+, then ZB is (OCH2CH2)3OCH3, A=C2C6H2, C is not present, and one but not both of X or Y is H;
• if ZA is O(CH2)kN(CH3)3+, and ZB is (OCH2CH2)3OCH3, then C is not present, A=C2C6H2 and one but not both of X or Y is H;
• if ZA is O(CH2)kN(CH3)3+, ZB is H, and C is not present, then A=C2C4H2S and one but not both of X or Y is H;
• if ZA is O(CH2)kN(CH3)3+, ZB is H, and C is present, then Y=COOCH2CH3 and X is selected from the group consisting of [C2C6H4]2COOCH2CH3 and [C2C4H2S][C2C6H4]COOCH2CH3, and
• if X is [C2C6H4]2COOCH2CH3, then B=C2C6H2,
• if X is [C2C4H2S][C2C6H4]COOCH2CH3, then B=C2C4S.