Control of surface properties by deposition of particle monolayers

A method comprising:

• functionalizing a surface with a monolayer of a first functional group by contacting a first fluid to the surface;
• removing an excess quantity of the first fluid once the monolayer of the first functional group is formed on the surface;
• functionalizing a first plurality of particles with a second functional group by contacting a second fluid to the first plurality of particles, the second functional group chosen so as to attach to the first functional group;
• removing an excess quantity of the second fluid once the second functional group has functionalized the first plurality of particles;
• forming a first monolayer of particles on the surface, by contacting the functionalized first plurality of particles to the functionalized surface and attaching the first functional group to the second functional group;
• functionalizing the first monolayer of particles with a monolayer of a third functional group by contacting a third fluid to the first monolayer of particles;
• removing an excess quantity of the third fluid once a monolayer of the third functional group is formed on first monolayer of particles;
• functionalizing a second plurality of particles with a monolayer of a fourth functional group by contacting a fourth fluid to the second plurality of particles, the fourth functional group chosen so as to attach to the third functional group;
• and
• forming a second monolayer of particles, by contacting the functionalized second plurality of particles to the functionalized first monolayer of particles and attaching the fourth functional group to the third functional group,
• wherein the particles of the first plurality of particles have lateral dimensions less than 100 micrometers.