Nuclear radiation particle power converter

A power converter comprising:

• first and second electrodes;
• a three-dimensional current collector disposed between the first and second electrodes and electrically coupled to the first electrode;
• a charge carrier separator disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the three-dimensional current collector;
• a hole conductor layer disposed on at least a portion of the charge carrier separator and electrically coupled to the second electrode;
• a counter electrode disposed between the hole conductor layer and the second electrode and electrically coupling the hole conductor layer and the second electrode;
• and
• nuclear radiation-emitting material disposed such that at least one nuclear radiation particle emitted by the nuclear radiation-emitting material is incident upon the charge carrier separator;
• wherein the charge carrier separator is adapted to separate electron-hole pairs generated in the charge carrier separator by impact of the at least one nuclear radiation particle on the charge carrier separator, and further wherein at least a portion of the nuclear radiation-emitting material is disposed such that the counter electrode is between the nuclear radiation-emitting material and the charge carrier separator.