End-hall ion source with enhanced radiation cooling

An end-Hall ion-source apparatus comprising:

• a cooling means comprising a thermally conductive cup having a closed end, a side wall, an open end, and internal passages through which fluid can flow;
• wherein said cup encloses an anode and a reflector without being in physical or electrical contact with either said anode or said reflector;
• wherein said closed end is located between said reflector and an internal pole piece;
• wherein said cup and an external pole piece are in physical contact with each other;
• and wherein at least one of said cup and said external pole piece is comprised of a material with a low microhardness.

An end-Hall ion-source apparatus comprising:

• a cooling means comprising a thermally conductive cylinder in contact with a thermally conductive central plate, and internal passages through which fluid can flow;
• wherein said cylinder and said central plate enclose an anode and a reflector;
• wherein said central plate is located between said reflector and an internal pole piece;
• wherein said cylinder and an external pole piece are in physical contact with each other;
• and wherein at least one of said cylinder, said central plate, and said external pole piece is comprised of a material with a low microhardness.